Maroons and Marronage Escaping Slavery

Maroon  refers to an African or Afro-American person who escaped slavery in the Americas and lived in hidden towns outside of the plantations. American slaves used several forms of resistance  to fight their imprisonment, everything from work slowdowns and tool damage to full-fledged revolt and flight.  Some runaways established permanent or semi-permanent towns for themselves in hidden places not far from the plantations, a process known as marronage (sometimes also spelled  maronnage or maroonage). Key Takeaways: Maroon Maroon is a word which refers to African or African-American people who escaped slavery and lived in communities outside of plantations.  The phenomenon is known globally wherever slavery occurs.  Several long-term American communities were created in Florida, Jamaica, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, and Suriname.  Palmares in Brazil was a maroon community of people originally from Angola that lasted for nearly a century, essentially an African state.   The runaways in North America were predominantly young and male, who had often been sold many times. Before the 1820s, some headed west or to Florida while it was  owned by the Spanish. After Florida became a U.S. territory in 1819, most headed to the North. The intermediate step for many of the escapees was marronage, where runaways hid relatively locally to their plantation but without the intention of returning to slavery.   The Process of Marronage Plantations in the Americas were organized such that the big house where the European owners lived was near the center of a large clearing. The slave cabins were located far from the plantation house, at the edges of the clearing and often immediately next to a forest or swamp. Enslaved men supplemented their own food supply by hunting and foraging in those woods, at the same time exploring and learning the terrain. Plantation workforces were made up mostly of male slaves, and if there were women and children, the men were the ones who were best able to leave. As a result, new Maroon communities were little more than camps with skewed demographics, mostly made up of  men and a small number of women and very rarely children. Even after they were set up, the embryonic Maroon towns had limited opportunities for building families. The new communities maintained difficult relationships with the slaves left behind on the plantations. Although the Maroons did help others to escape, kept in touch with family members, and traded with the plantation slaves, the Maroons sometimes resorted to raiding the plantation slave cabins for food and supplies. On occasion, the plantation slaves (voluntarily or not) actively assisted the whites to recapture runaways. Some of the male-only settlements were reportedly violent and dangerous. But some of those settlements eventually gained a balanced population, and flourished and grew.   Maroon Communities in the Americas The word Maroon typically refers to North American runaway slaves and it likely comes from the Spanish word cimarron or cimarroon, meaning wild. But marronage flared up wherever slaves were held, and whenever the whites were too busy to be vigilant. In Cuba, villages made up of escaped slaves were known as palenques or mambises; and in Brazil, they were known as quilombo, magote, or mocambo. Long-term marronage communities were established in Brazil (Palmares, Ambrosio), Dominican Republic (Jose Leta), Florida (Pilaklikaha and Fort Mose), Jamaica (Bannytown, Accompong, and Seamans Valley), and Suriname (Kumako). By the late 1500s, there were already Maroon villages in Panama and Brazil, and  Kumako in Suriname was established at least as early as the 1680s.   In the colonies which would become the United States, Maroon communities were most abundant in South Carolina, but they were also established in Virginia, North Carolina, and Alabama. The largest known Maroon communities in what would become the U.S. were formed in the Great Dismal Swamp on the Savannah River, on the border between Virginia and North Carolina. In 1763, George Washington,  the man who would become the first president of the United States, conducted a survey of the Great Dismal Swamp, intending to drain it and make it suitable for farming. The Washington Ditch, a canal built after the survey and opening up the swamp to traffic, was both an opportunity for Maroon communities to establish themselves in the swamp but at the same time dangerous in that white slave hunters could also find them living there. Great Dismal Swamp communities may have begun as early as 1765, but they had become numerous by 1786, after the end of the American revolution when the slaveholders could pay attention to the problem.   Structure The size of Maroon communities varied widely. Most were small, with between five and 100 people, but some became very large: Nannytown, Accompong, and Culpepper Island had populations in the hundreds. Estimates for Palmares in Brazil range between 5,000 and 20,000. Most were short-lived, in fact, 70 percent of the largest quilombos in Brazil were destroyed within two years. However, Palmares lasted a century, and Black Seminole towns — towns built by Maroons who were allied with the Seminole tribe in Florida — lasted several decades. Some of the Jamaican and Suriname Maroon communities founded in the 18th century are still occupied by their descendants today. Most Maroon communities were formed in inaccessible or marginal areas, partly because those areas were unpopulated, and partly because they were difficult to get to. The Black Seminoles in Florida found refuge in central Florida swamps; the Saramaka Maroons of Suriname settled on riverbanks in deeply forested areas. In Brazil, Cuba, and Jamaica, people escaped into the mountains and made their homes in densely vegetated hills. Maroon towns nearly always had several security measures. Primarily, the towns were hidden away, accessible only after following obscure paths which required long treks across difficult terrain. In addition, some communities built defensive ditches and forts and maintained well-armed, highly drilled and disciplined troops and sentries. Subsistence Many Maroon communities started out as nomadic, moving base often for safetys sake, but as their populations grew, they settled into fortified villages. Such groups often raided colonial settlements and plantations for commodities and new recruits. But they also traded crops and forest products with pirates and European traders for weapons and tools; many even signed treaties with different sides of competing colonies. Some Maroon communities were full-fledged farmers: in Brazil, Palmares settlers grew manioc, tobacco, cotton, bananas, maize, pineapples, and sweet potatoes; and Cuban settlements depended on honeybees and game. Many communities blended ethnopharmacological knowledge from their homes in Africa with the locally available and indigenous plants. In Panama, as early as the 16th century, palenqueros threw in with pirates such as the English privateer Francis Drake. A Maroon named Diego and his men raided both overland and maritime traffic with Drake, and together they sacked the city of Santo Domingo on Hispaniola island in 1586. They exchanged vital knowledge about when the Spanish would be moving looted American gold and silver and traded that for enslaved females and other items. South Carolina Maroons By 1708, enslaved Africans formed a majority of the population in South Carolina: the largest concentrations of African people at that time were at rice plantations on the coasts where up to 80 percent of the total population — white and black — was made up of slaves. There was a constant influx of new slaves during the 18th century, and during the 1780s, fully one-third of the 100,000 slaves in South Carolina had been born in Africa. Total Maroon populations are unknown, but between 1732 and 1801, slaveholders advertised for more than 2,000 fugitive slaves in South Carolina newspapers. Most returned voluntarily, hungry and cold, back to friends and family, or were hunted down by parties of overseers and dogs. Although the word Maroon was not used in the paperwork, the South Carolina slave laws defined them clearly enough. Short-term fugitives would be returned to their owners for punishment, but long-term fugitives from slavery — those who had been away for 12 months or longer — could be lawfully killed by any white. In the 18th century, a small Maroon settlement in South Carolina included four houses in a square measuring 17x14 feet. A larger one measured 700x120 yards and included 21 houses and cropland, accommodating up to 200 people. This towns people grew domesticated rice and potatoes and raised cows, pigs,  turkeys, and ducks. Houses were located on the highest elevations; pens were built, fences maintained, and wells dug. An African State in Brazil The most successful Maroon settlement was Palmares in Brazil, established about 1605. It became larger than any of the North American communities,  including over 200 houses, a church, four smithies, a six-foot-wide main street, a large meeting house, cultivated fields, and kingly residences. Palmares is thought to have been made up of a core of people from Angola, and they essentially created an African state in the Brazilian hinterland. An African-style system of status, birthrights, slavery, and royalty was developed at Palmares and adapted traditional African ceremonial rites were performed. A range of elites included a king, a military commander, and an elected council of quilombo chiefs. Palmares was a constant thorn in the side of the Portuguese and Dutch colonials in Brazil, who waged war with the community for most of the 17th century. Palmares was finally conquered and destroyed in 1694.  Ã‚   Significance Maroon societies were a significant form of African and African American resistance to slavery. In some regions and for some periods, the communities held treaties with other colonists and were recognized as legitimate, independent, and autonomous bodies with rights to their lands.   Legally sanctioned or not, the communities were ubiquitous wherever slavery was practiced. As the American anthropologist and historian Richard Price has written, the persistence of Maroon communities for decades or centuries stands out as a heroic challenge to white authority, and the living proof of the existence of a slave consciousness that refused to be limited by the dominant white culture. Sources de Santana, Bruna Farias, Robert A. Voeks, and Ligia Silveira Funch. Ethnomedicinal Survey of a Maroon Community in Brazils Atlantic Tropical Forest. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 181 (2016): 37-49. Print.Fortes-Lima, Cesar, et al. Genome-Wide Ancestry and Demographic History of African-Descendant Maroon Communities from French Guiana and Suriname. The American Journal of Human Genetics 101.5 (2017): 725-36. Print.Lockley, Tim, and David Doddington. Maroon and Slave Communities in South Carolina before 1865. The South Carolina Historical Magazine 113.2 (2012): 125-45. Print.Okoshi, Akane, and Alex de Voogt. Mancala in Surinamese Maroon Communities: The Expedition of Melville J. Herskovits. Board Game Studies Journal  12.1 (2018): 57. Print.Price, Richard. Scrapping Maroon History: Brazils Promise, Surinames Shame. NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 72.3/4 (1998): 233-55. Print.van’t Klooster, Charlotte, Tinde van Andel, and Ria Reis. Patterns in Medicinal Plant Knowledge and Use in a Maroon Village in Suriname. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 189 (2016): 319-30. Print.White, Cheryl. Kumako. Antiquity 84.324 (2015): 467-79. Print.: A Place of Convergence for Maroons and Amerindians in Suriname, SA

Assessing A Career In Business Project Management. Project

Assessing a Career in Business: Project Management Project management is the discipline of using policies and procedures to manage a project from creation to competition. The intent of this paper is to assess the role of a project manager and determine if I am well suited for a career in project management. To achieve this goal, I will be discussing the following areas: job description, general career path, education requirements, salary, career outlook, and the pros and cons. I will also be interviewing a colleague that currently working as a project manager to gain a better understanding of typical duties associated with the role. Job Description Project management is the process of applying knowledge and skills to achieve a project†¦show more content†¦Project management provides a strong foundation for developing the attributes needed to pursue high-level leadership roles, analytical positions, and many other areas within the business environment. 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The Struggles Of Women s Equality - 803 Words

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Put An End To Poverty, Increase The Minimum Wage Essay

It is not shocking to hear that tens of millions of Americans are living in poverty. Startling statistics about the poor are constantly being tossed around on television with images of run-down neighborhoods and malnourished children. The real surprise, however, is that millions of those in poverty are full-time, minimum wage earning workers. Many say one should feel morally obligated to help these people. President Barack Obama said it best in his February 2013 State of the Union address, â€Å"Let’s declare that in the wealthiest nation on earth, no one who works full time should have to live in poverty† (Lowrey n.p.). When minimum wage was created, President Roosevelt declared its purpose was to â€Å"maintain a minimum standard of†¦show more content†¦These are the main arguments still heard today. The continuing minimum wage debate in the United States argues if the current hourly rate of $7.25 is a livable wage in today’s dollars. 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My Cross-Cultural Experiences Free Essays

1. First cross-cultural experiences that I have had in my life * The first culture clash I had was on my first trip to Germany. It was when my friend and me went on a ski trip with our school. We will write a custom essay sample on My Cross-Cultural Experiences or any similar topic only for you Order Now We arrived a town called Innsbruck where we stayed at a hotel. I got very surprised when I first got there, the first thing I recognized was the houses they lived in, they all had names on their houses. It was painted on their front wall. This didn’t make any sense for me but I was told that it was because some of the houses where family houses. And that they rented out rooms. At the same day when we went for dinner at our hotel we got served 4 meals. We first got soup, then salad, the main meal and dessert. This didn’t make any sense for me, because back home I was not used to get 4 meals at a restaurant. That night I went to take a shower but I couldn’t figure out how to turn on the water in the shower. There were three knobs above the tub, so I assumed that they were for hot, warm, and cold water. I twisted the â€Å"warm† knob, but no water came out. Then I tried the two others, and I did get some water, but it was either too cold or too warm. I was too embarrassed to ask anyone for help with such a simple thing, so after making several unsuccessful attempts, I gave up. I had a cold bath instead. 2. Second cross-cultural experiences that I have had in my life – The second experience I had was when I first visited the United States. When I first arrived Westminster College I was so excited and scared at the same time. I have never lived in a community called â€Å"dorms† before and I was not sure how it would work and I had no clue how my roommates would be. The first thing I recognized was how much they talked and their conversation was at a very loud level. The next day I recognized how nice the people were, they smiled and they even said hi to me. I got shocked when people even hold the door open when I was far away they would stand there and wait for me. When we went out for dinner that night I was also surprised when I ordered a coke, when I finished the coke the waitress came out with another one I got confused and told her that it has to be a misunderstanding because I didn’t ordered another one. She told me that it was free refuel. I felt kind of stupid, and my roommates started laughing at me because they thought it was funny. I told my roommates that in Norway we have to pay for the refuel and after that they taught me more about their culture so I could be more able to adapt to their culture. How to cite My Cross-Cultural Experiences, Papers

Law of Business Organisations

Question: Discuss about theLaw of Business Organisations. Answer: Constitution of ABC Company Pty Ltd: Definitions and Meanings in the Constitution: The constitution of ABC Pty Ltd shall contain a list of words and the following meaning shall be applicable to the list of words that is contained in the constitution: Act in the constitution of ABC Pty Ltd shall mean the Corporation Act of 2001. ASIC in the constitution of ABC Pty Ltd shall mean the Australian Securities and Investment Commission Company in the constitution of ABC Pty Ltd shall mean the ABC Pty Ltd. Constitution shall mean the constitution of ABC Pty Ltd. Interpretation of the Constitution of ABC Pty Ltd: The words that are used in the constitution of ABC Pty Ltd, if highlighted, are done only with the purpose of expediency. The meanings of the word do not change that are used as part of the constitution of ABC Pty Ltd. Replaceable Rules: The constitution of ABC Pty Ltd contains a list of replaceable rules. The replaceable rules are applicable for all the rules excepting for the rules provided as part of the preference shares. Issue of Shares: The authority of issuance of shares shall be in the hands of the directors of ABC Pty Ltd. The directors also have the power to issue shares over options as they think it is proper for making the division. According to the Corporation Act, the options or shares can be issued by the directors of ABC Pty Ltd having proper special or deferred restrictions or rights either in relation to the dividends or in other contributions such as powers that concerns voting, payments of calls or any such power that the Director may consider it proper. Different Classes of Shares: Preference Shares: Members who hold preference shares as part of ABC Pty Ltd shall exercise powers such as right to attend meetings, right to attend receive notice in relation to attending meetings or any other right as the Directors of the company may consider it appropriate. The members of the company has the authority to hold H, J, I, K, L, M classes of shares. Preference Redeemable Shares: The members of ABC Pty Ltd shall be entitled to hold preference or redeemable shares. The who hold preference or redeemable shares as part of ABC Pty Ltd shall exercise powers such as right to attend meetings, right to attend receive notice in relation to attending meetings or any other right as the Directors of the company may consider it appropriate. However, the redeemable shares can be redeemed by the company to its members at the option of the company. Thus, the redeemable shares gives the authority to the director to share the total number of shares at any time as they may consider it proper. Section 198A: Section 198A of the Corporation Act allows the directors to manage the affairs and business of the company. This section authorises the directors to exercise the powers of the company except those powers that are specified particularly at the meeting of the shareholders. This section allows the directors to engage in a range of activities. The directors, may be given a lot of powers, by the constitution of the company or by the Corporations Act (Miller, 2016). However, restrictions are imposed on the directors to the exercise of their power. Thus, it may be held in this regard that the directors of the company have to act within their scope of powers. The main reason why the lawmakers established this section into the Act was to make the directors liable for their actions and to hold them accountable for their acts. Ordinarily, the constitution of the company gives wide powers to the directors of the company and sometimes it is also seen that the directors of the company take undue a dvantage of their powers and rights. However, the constitution of the company can be amended by 2/3 majority votes. Thus, this section was included in the Act to ensure that the directors have a limitation of their powers and that they do not act beyond their scope of power (Mann Roberts, 2015). Section 191: As per section 191 of the Corporations Act, 2001, it is the duty of the director to notify the other directors of the company in case of any issue that is of personal interest and related to the affairs of the company. This is the fiduciary duty of the director of the company and this section makes the director liable for disclosing material fact to the other directors of the organisation. However, the same section also contains a list wherein the director shall not be held liable for making disclosure to the other directors. Firstly, a director may not make disclosure if the same interest in issue arises out of the common interest of the company or relates to the remuneration of the director. Secondly, a director will not be held liable for infringing section 191 of the Act if the issue in question is concerning to a contract that is its proposal stage. Likewise, a director is not bound to make a disclosure if there is an issue concerning his remuneration. The main reason for includ ing this section in the Act was to ensure that the directors be held liable for their actions if their acts are related to the interest of the company. Therefore, section 191 aims to make the directors accountable for their actions that are fiduciary in nature (Smith, Lawson Painter, 2012). Section 250R (2) (3): The shareholders of the company consider the Annual General Meeting (AGM) as a source wherein they are able to ventilate their grievances and put forward any matter that is related to the management and the Board of the Company. The Corporations Act allows the companys management to be governed by the constitution. The constitution of the company is followed and adopted either on or after the registration of the company. Thus, at the AGM the shareholders of the company discuss about their grievances and issues related to the company. Section 250R (2) and (3) deals with the matters that may be taken up for consideration at the annual general meeting. Therefore, the main reason why this section was incorporated in the Act was to limit the powers of the Board and allow the Board members to settle their grievances against each other (Marson Ferris, 2016). References: Kopel, S. (2012).Guide to business law. Oxford University Press Southern Africa. Mann, R. A., Roberts, B. S. (2015).Business law and the regulation of business. Nelson Education. Marson, J., Ferris, K. (2016).Business Law Concentrate: Law Revision and Study Guide. Oxford University Press. Miller, R. L. (2016).Business Law Today, Comprehensive. Cengage learning. Smith, D., Lawson, R. D., Painter, A. A. (2012).Business law. Routledge.